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| Golok Machen Rabgya landslide |
On 30 August 2017, a massive
landslide buried nine people in Golok Machen region of north eastern Tibet. The
horrifying disaster occurred in the early hours of the day (4:30am) while
residents were still in bed. The day could have been, otherwise, a beautiful
summer morning with nomadic melodies echoing across the valley as residents carry
on their daily chores. But life on the Tibetan plateau is no longer the same. According
to Science Daily (9 December 2016), climate change may now be affecting the
once stable regions of the Tibetan Plateau.
The impact of climate change is
evident with unprecedented number of natural disasters across the plateau since
2016, mostly floods and landslides due to torrential rainfall.
As such in 2016, an unusual glacial
avalanche in (Aru) Ruthok County of Ngari killed nine people and buried more
than 110 yaks. Mud floods and landslide in Labrang, Sangchu, Tsolho and other
regions of Amdo injured more than 30 people and caused huge damage. Thus clearly
signals drastic shift in the climatic pattern on the Tibetan Plateau.
The shift was apparent as 2017
saw simultaneous floods in many parts of parts of Kham in Tibet.
There is growing worry of the
increasing natural disasters and their imminent threat to life of millions. This
writer published an article titled
'Natural
disasters in Tibet: Is it the new normal' on 8 August 2016, asking
the People's Republic of China (PRC) to make necessary arrangements to minimize
the impact of increasing natural disasters. The PRC should be applauded for the
massive drive to plant trees across Tibet which would have an immense benefit
in the future.
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| Jomda Flood July 8, 2017 |
But the recent flood damages in Golok,
Dege, Jomda, Sokzong and Rongdrak could have been avoided had the Chinese
government proactively pursued a policy of safety first in any infrastructure
development in Tibetan areas. The government has been forewarned of increasing
natural disasters including landslides, torrential floods, snow disasters and
forest fires in a 2015 scientific Assessment Report by the Institute of Tibetan
Plateau Research under Chinese Academy of Science in Beijing. The question is,
has the relevant governments taken any measures or framed any policy guidelines
to face the new challenges. Who should
be accountable for the loss of life and damage to property?
The plateau is witnessing a rapid
rise in both temperature and precipitation in recent years. This inevitable
change caused by climate change cannot be avoided but damages could be easily
reduced if impact of climate change is taken into consideration while framing
any development policies.
To frame any such policy, a
thorough study should be done to understand the factors or the causes behind
recent natural disasters in Tibet. So following are the few possible causes as
per the understanding of this writer.
Climate Change
Climate change is certainly the
primary cause for increasing natural disasters in Tibet. The plateau has been
witnessing consecutive rise in both temperature and precipitation, especially
in recent years. At 0.3–0.4°C per decade, the temperature rise on the Tibetan
plateau is twice the global average. This has led to
massive permafrost degradation in northern regions of Tibet, resulting in
increased water flow as frozen grounds quickly melts and degrades into desert.
According to Inter-governmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the temperature rise has also caused 82%
of glacial on the Tibetan plateau to retreat in the past 50 years. In many parts of Kham and Amdo, glacials
are drastically retreating and mountain slopes are dangerously thawing. As
mountain slopes thaw and frozen ground loosen, villages and towns located on
hillsides and in narrow valleys are in constant danger from impending landslides.
The situation is further
exacerbated by the increased rainfall, especially in the eastern regions of
Tibet. This is evident from the Tibet Summer Climate Report (2016) which stated
that Tibet experienced higher than average temperature and highest record
of monthly total precipitation in the same historical period.
Rapid Urbanization
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| Chamdo City |
Rapid urbanization has led to
land grab as most of the towns and cities in Tibet are located in narrow valleys
with little space to extend in either direction. This has led to construction
of high rise buildings and over congestion. According to a Chinese government
report, the number of towns and cities in Tibet increased from 31 to140 between
the years 1990 to 2013. China has set
target of reaching 60% urbanization by 2020 from its 56.1% in 2015. The so-called
Tibet Autonomous Region plans to reach its urbanization rate at 30% by 2020
from its 25.7% in 2014. This is 0.4% faster than overall target rate pursued by
the Chinese government. The rush for
urbanization is apparent with cluster of buildings coming up in every Tibetan
towns and cities.
Chamdo, Shigatse, and Nyintri
were declared prefecture level cities. Soon all of the 18 prefecture headquarters
across Tibet would be upgraded into prefecture level cities. There are around
150 county level towns that could also grow into cities.
Poor construction
From the recent floods in Jomda
and other Tibetan areas clearly demonstrated poor construction standard.
Collapse of many of the buildings could have been avoided had they been built
with better standard to withstand floods and earth quakes.
Location or Topography
Most of the towns and cities in
Tibet are located in narrow valleys along major rivers, such location are
highly prone to floods and landslides. As these towns grow in size, homes cram up
on the steep slopes or encroach into the river banks, thus exacerbating the situation
to a point where even a small natural event could cause massive damage.
Lack of Adaptation
Lack of adaptation is apparent as
both the government and the communities were unprepared when disasters struck.
There has been no climate change impact awareness program as both the
government officials and general public are unaware of the socio-environmental
impact of climate change. Hence natural disasters are taken as local events.
Conclusion
The summers are the best time of
the year for Tibetans. People celebrate summer with festivals and picnics. Such
a joyful occasion could turn into a nightmare if natural disasters continue to
strike. Climate change is a global phenomenon but impacts vary from place to
place. The magnitude of climate change related damages depend on how individual
governments proactively pursue policies and take measures. Adaption and Mitigation are the two
universally accepted principal solutions in facing the new climatic reality.
Lack of awareness weakens any effort in dealing with climate change; hence both
the government official and general public should be educated on the possible
impacts of climate change
The increased number of natural
disasters occurred in the last two years were primarily due to climate change,
but it was also partly due to rampant mining, rapid urbanization and
irresponsible development works. Necessary mechanism to deal with natural
disasters should be put in place for quick response. A thorough post disaster assessment should be
carried out to both understand the causes and to hold those responsible accountable.
For any future development
policies in Tibet, impact of climate change and local socio-ecological
conditions should be taken into consideration
Author
Zamlha Tempa Gyaltsen is an
environment research fellow at the Tibet Policy Institute.
There were some very
interesting papers such ‘Rapid urbanization influencing remnet-ecosystem,
changing biodiversity in certain areas in West-Bengal’, ‘prioritization and
conservation of biodiversity hotspots in western ghats of Maharashtra’.
